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Universalism in geography
Universalism, when used in Human Geography, signals the position that ideas of development produced in Western social sciences hold for all times and places.〔Barnes, T. (2000) Universalism, in R. Johnston, D. Gregory, G. Pratt and M. Wats(eds), “The Dictionary of Human Geography". Oxford: Blackwell, 869-70.〕 Universalist thinking began in the Age of Enlightenment when philosophers decided on “truths” that could explain occurrences rationally and accurately. Development geography, human geography and other disciplines seek to find and critique universal “truths”. Critics suggest that Universalism has created a world knowledge hierarchy placing Western Europe, North America and the rest of the “developed” world at the top, as the center of knowledge, and placing the rest of the globe below, as ignorant and needing to be educated. This hierarchy reiterates the Core-periphery notion, examining it in terms of knowledge differentials across space.
==Universalism’s Beginning==
As intellectuals began to question traditional understandings of the world and think on a global scale, new “truths” were created to help explain the world. The issues with said “truths” was that the knowledge that they were based upon was constructed as placeless, free of cultural specificity, abstract, and apolitical.〔Lawson, V.L., “Making Development Geography”. London: Hodder Arnold〕 These “truths” began to manifest themselves in development policies, political apparatuses, and other institutions. Into the late 19th and 20th century the philosopher Emile Durkheim wrote that “the truths of () science are independent of any local context” echoing the Enlightenment’s philosophies and assuming an isotropic globe, thus allowing homogeneity to overtake difference.〔Durkheim E., “Selected Writings”. Cambridge: University Press〕 A sense of security and superiority was wielded as the world was now understood, and it was this security and superiority that allowed for the continued teaching of and reliance upon universal “truths”.
''"One can see how saying that all knowledge is geographically located is widely taken as a way of saying that the knowledge in question is not authentically true at all"''〔Nagel, T. ''The View From Nowhere''. Oxford: University Press〕
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